Phase-2 dossier: the menin MBM1 pocket - the only candidate here that is already de-risked, and therefore the only one whose gate is clinical
also called menin dossier · MEN1 druggability dossier · MBM1 pocket phase-2 plan
The pocket on menin that grips the fusion protein is already blocked by an approved drug, so there is nothing left to prove about whether it can be drugged. The open question for this lab is whether that drug should be given to infants at diagnosis instead of after relapse, and that is a clinical question, not a chemistry one.
The same thing, for a scientist
Structure, chemical matter and clinical proof-of-mechanism are all in hand for the menin MBM1 pocket: a 1.55 A menin-MLL peptide co-crystal (4GQ6), a 1.96 A menin-revumenib co-crystal (7UJ4), a 3.0 A menin-MLL-LEDGF ternary structure (3U88), 499 ChEMBL activity rows at pChEMBL 6 or better with a best reported Ki of 0.104 nM, and an approved agent. Phase-2 work on this target is therefore not target validation. It is three specific things: (1) frontline-versus-relapse positioning in infants, (2) partner selectivity between the KMT2A and JUND mandates that share the pocket, and (3) pre-emption of the resistance routes that the approved agent already generates. The biology dossier lives in gene-men1 and interface-menin-kmt2a-mbm1; this entry is the readiness layer on top of it.
What structure exists, and what does not
Exists, and verified against RCSB this cycle: 4GQ6, human menin with an MLL peptide, X-ray, 1.55 A 1; 7UJ4, inhibition of human menin by SNDX-5613 (revumenib), X-ray, 1.96 A 1; 3U88, human menin with MLL1 and LEDGF, X-ray, 3.0 A 1. An AlphaFold model of menin exists (AF-O00255-F1, global pLDDT 84.44, 19.7% of residues at very low confidence) 2.
Does not exist: any structure of menin bound to an intact KMT2A fusion protein; any AlphaFold model of full-length KMT2A (AF-Q03164-F1 returns HTTP 404) 2. Every structural plan for this target therefore works on the MBM1 peptide fragment, not on the fusion.
What pocket is engaged
The deep central cavity of the menin TPR core, which accepts KMT2A residues 4-15 with the core RWRFP motif at 6-10 (Kd ~53 nM by fluorescence polarisation). The same cavity accepts JUND 3. This is the single most important fact in the dossier and it is a liability, not a feature: a compound cannot distinguish the oncogenic mandate from the tumour-suppressive one by occupancy alone. See interface-menin-kmt2a-mbm1 for the full interface biology and hyp-partner-selective-menin-ligand-separates-mandates for the resulting hypothesis.
Essentiality and the normal-tissue picture
MEN1 is not a DepMap common-essential gene, and the co-dependency work already run in this project put MEN1 at the centre of a small, lineage-robust module with KMT2A (r = 0.583 pooled, 0.577 within-tissue) and PSIP1 (0.529 / 0.515) 4. GTEx v8 medians show MEN1 expressed in all 54 tissues, from 5.11 TPM in left-ventricle heart to 45.14 TPM in cerebellum, with 8.20 TPM in whole blood 5 - a broadly expressed housekeeping-adjacent profile with no tissue sanctuary. gnomAD constraint is severe: pLI 0.99999999918, LOEUF 0.204 6. Germline MEN1 loss causes multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, so menin is a genuine tumour suppressor in endocrine tissue.
That combination would have failed a naive G3 gate. It did not fail in the clinic. This is the strongest evidence in the whole graph that expression breadth plus constraint is not a sufficient reason to kill a target, and every other dossier in this beat is written with that lesson applied.
Chemical matter
ChEMBL target CHEMBL1615381 (Menin, O00255): 499 activity rows at pChEMBL 6 or above, best reported affinity Ki 0.104 nM (CHEMBL5267644) 7. Multiple clinical-stage agents exist in this graph (drug-revumenib, drug-ziftomenib). There is no chemistry gap here at all. What is missing is a compound profiled for KMT2A-versus-JUND displacement, which is an assay gap, not a matter gap.
What would have to be true for a phase-2 programme here
Because the target is de-risked, a lab-scale phase-2 programme is only worth running if it answers a question the companies are not answering. Three qualify:
- Frontline in infants. The approved positioning is relapsed/refractory. If prior therapy itself installs resistance, reserving the drug for relapse is actively harmful (hyp-menin-inhibitors-belong-frontline-in-infants).
- Partner selectivity. No published compound is characterised for differential KMT2A/JUND displacement (ana-menin-partner-selectivity-profiling).
- Resistance pre-emption. The MEN1 interface mutations and the non-genetic adaptive state are both documented in this graph; what is not known is whether they are substitutes or complements (ana-resistance-route-cooccurrence).
| target gene | gene-men1 |
|---|---|
| uniprot | O00255 |
| interface node | interface-menin-kmt2a-mbm1 |
| deep central cavity of the menin TPR core; accepts KMT2A 4-15 (RWRFP 6-10) and JUND | |
| kd NM native ligand | 53 |
| phase2 verdict | START. This is one of the three programmes to begin first, but as a clinical-positioning and selectivity programme, not as target validation. |
| compute backend | Laptop-scale for the cohort arithmetic; Boltz credits for the selectivity co-folds; no GPU cluster needed. |
structures verified this cycle — the numbers behind the chart
[
{
"pdb": "4GQ6",
"title": "Human menin in complex with MLL peptide",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 1.55
},
{
"pdb": "7UJ4",
"title": "Inhibition of Human Menin by SNDX-5613",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 1.96
},
{
"pdb": "3U88",
"title": "Crystal structure of human menin in complex with MLL1 and LEDGF",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 3
}
]structures absent
[ "no structure of menin with an intact KMT2A fusion protein", "no AlphaFold model of full-length KMT2A (AF-Q03164-F1 returns HTTP 404)" ]
alphafold
{
"id": "AF-O00255-F1",
"global_plddt": 84.44,
"fraction_plddt_very_low": 0.197
}normal tissue gtex v8 tpm
{
"whole_blood": 8.197,
"min": {
"tissue": "Heart_Left_Ventricle",
"tpm": 5.113
},
"max": {
"tissue": "Brain_Cerebellum",
"tpm": 45.145
},
"n_tissues": 54
}gnomad — the numbers behind the chart
{
"pLI": 0.9999999992,
"oe_lof": 0.1035,
"loeuf": 0.2042
}chemical matter
{
"chembl_target": "CHEMBL1615381",
"rows_pchembl_ge_6": 499,
"best": {
"molecule": "CHEMBL5267644",
"type": "Ki",
"value_nM": 0.104,
"pchembl": 9.98
}
}go no go
{
"G1_feasibility": {
"question": "Can a KMT2A-versus-JUND displacement assay pair be built?",
"GO": "Both fluorescence-polarisation assays running with Z-prime above 0.6 and a validated positive control",
"STOP": "JUND peptide displacement assay cannot be made to give a dose response at all"
},
"G2_biology": {
"question": "Frontline infant value",
"GO": "Adding a menin inhibitor to Interfant-style induction raises the fraction of infants reaching consolidation MRD-negative by at least 15 absolute points",
"STOP": "Improvement below 5 absolute points, or any increase in induction mortality",
"ambiguous_zone": "5 to 15 points",
"tie_breaker": "Event-free survival at 12 months in the same cohort, pre-specified"
},
"G3_window": {
"question": "Is there an endocrine or haematopoietic cost of frontline exposure in infants?",
"GO": "No grade 3 or higher differentiation syndrome above the published relapsed-setting rate, and normal CD34+ CFU recovery by day 28",
"STOP": "Any treatment-related death attributable to differentiation syndrome in the first ten infants"
}
}menin mbm1 kd conditions
{
"_why": "Added by king sweep 2026-09-21 (Q82 corrections-owed #3). This entry quotes the menin-MBM1 53 nM figure. That number is NOT comparable to the KMT2A CXXC-DNA affinities without stating its buffer, and the omission is how a 1,300-fold 'discrepancy' was manufactured.",
"value": "53 nM",
"motif": "KMT2A MBM1, residues 4-15, FITC-labelled peptide at 15 nM",
"method": "fluorescence polarisation",
"buffer": "50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT",
"nacl_mM": 50,
"companion_itc": "72 nM by ITC, 50 mM phosphate pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 27 C",
"source_pmid": "20961854",
"source_quote": "\"in the FP buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT) used for binding experiments (Kd measurements)\" -- Grembecka 2010 JBC, Methods, fetched and read from PMC3003368 on 2026-09-21",
"do_not_compare_naively": {
"against": "KMT2A CXXC-DNA Kd 44 uM (PMID 20010842, Cierpicki 2010)",
"because": "that measurement was made at 300 mM NaCl -- verbatim from its Methods, \"50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.1), 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT at 25 C\" (PMC2908503, read 2026-09-21) -- SIX-FOLD more salt, on a salt-sensitive protein-DNA contact, against a hydrophobic peptide pocket that is not.",
"best_matched_pair": "44 uM at 300 mM NaCl vs the 5.7 uM tagless CXXC measurement at 150 mM NaCl gives 108-fold against menin, not ~1,000-fold",
"see": "ana-the-menin-affinity-comparison-was-made-at-one-sixth-the-salt"
},
"added": "2026-09-21"
}cxxc dna kd conditions
{
"_why": "Added by king sweep 2026-09-21 (cycle 46). This entry quotes the KMT2A CXXC-DNA 44 uM. That number is a property of five choices, not of the molecule, and quoting it bare is how this graph manufactured a 1,300-fold 'discrepancy' with the menin contact.",
"value": "44 uM",
"construct": "isolated CXXC domain, KMT2A 1147-1203, untagged, 15N-labelled",
"ligand": "DNA pal oligonucleotide, one CpG element",
"method": "NMR titration",
"buffer": "50 mM phosphate, pH 7.1, 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 25 C",
"nacl_mM": 300,
"source_pmid": "20010842",
"source_quote": "\"Determination of the dissociation constants by NMR for the CXXC domain (MLL 1147-1203) and mutants was performed by titration of 15N-labeled protein with concentrated solutions of DNA pal oligonucleotide. Experiments were carried out in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.1), 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT at 25 C.\" -- Cierpicki 2010 NSMB, Methods, fetched and read from PMC2908503 on 2026-09-21. The result sentence reads \"The wild type protein yielded a Kd of 44 uM\".",
"this_is_the_high_salt_end": "300 mM NaCl is roughly twice physiological ionic strength and SIX TIMES the 50 mM the menin-MBM1 53 nM was measured in. The same domain measured tagless at 150 mM NaCl gives 5.7 uM -- 7.7-fold tighter from salt alone.",
"do_not_compare_naively": {
"against": "menin-MBM1 53 nM (PMID 20961854), measured at 50 mM NaCl by FP",
"best_matched_pair": "108-fold, not ~1,000-fold",
"see": "ana-the-menin-affinity-comparison-was-made-at-one-sixth-the-salt"
},
"added": "2026-09-21"
}- The pocket is shared with JUND, a tumour-suppressive mandate. Long-term menin inhibition in a child who is cured of leukaemia could plausibly raise endocrine neoplasia risk decades later, and no follow-up exists on a timescale that could detect this.
- MEN1 interface mutations are already documented as a clinical resistance route; moving the drug frontline gives those mutations more time and more patients in which to arise.
- Non-genetic, cell-state resistance appears to be the dominant escape route in some settings, and a cell-state escape cannot be pre-empted by a better menin ligand.
- Menin is broadly expressed with severe LoF constraint; an infant's developing endocrine and skeletal tissue is a plausible off-tumour site and is not represented in GTEx at all.
- Is there any menin ligand chemotype that touches the KMT2A-contacting subsite without touching the JUND-contacting subsite, or do the two footprints overlap so completely that selectivity is structurally impossible?
- Does frontline exposure in infants select for the same MEN1 interface mutations that relapsed adults develop, or for a different, non-genetic escape route?
- What fraction of the menin-inhibitor survival benefit is delivered by bridging to transplant rather than by the remission itself?
- E1established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.database
Three menin structures relevant to this pocket were verified by direct query of the RCSB data API this cycle: 4GQ6 (menin with MLL peptide, X-ray, 1.55 A), 7UJ4 (inhibition of human menin by SNDX-5613, X-ray, 1.96 A) and 3U88 (menin with MLL1 and LEDGF, X-ray, 3.0 A).
RCSB PDB data API entry records for 4GQ6, 7UJ4 and 3U88 · RCSB PDB 2026What this evidence cannot show
Resolution and title were read from the entry record; the biological interpretation of each structure is taken from the associated literature, not from the API.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- Verifying that three structures exist is necessary and not sufficient for a druggability call. What decides design value is resolution, construct boundaries, whether the density actually covers the pocket, and apo-versus-liganded state — and this graph has repeatedly found structures misdescribed in the direction of overstating what is resolved, including a solution NMR model called a crystal structure and a construct range quoted as observed density. RCSB PDB 2026
- E2strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database
An AlphaFold model of menin exists (AF-O00255-F1, global pLDDT 84.44) while no AlphaFold model of full-length KMT2A exists - the prediction endpoint for UniProt Q03164 returns HTTP 404.
AlphaFold Protein Structure Database prediction API (O00255 returns a model; Q03164 returns 404) · EMBL-EBI 2026What this evidence cannot show
A 404 reflects the current contents of the public database; it does not mean a model could not be computed locally. KMT2A at 3969 aa exceeds the length cut-off used for the public bulk predictions.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- The asymmetry is real and the inference from it is not. A high-pLDDT menin model and no full-length KMT2A model reflects that menin is a compact well-folded protein while KMT2A is 3,969 residues of largely disordered scaffold. Predictor confidence tracks foldedness, so the absence of a KMT2A model is a statement about the molecule rather than about how well the target is characterised. RCSB PDB 2026
- E3established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.paper
Menin binds MLL and JUND in the same pocket with opposite effects on transcription, so pocket occupancy alone cannot separate the oncogenic from the tumour-suppressive mandate.
The same pocket in menin binds both MLL and JUND but has opposite effects on transcription · Huang J, Gurung B, Wan B, et al. · Nature 2012What this evidence cannot show
Structural and cell-based; the clinical consequence of JUND liberation at approved exposures is unmeasured.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- If JUND liberation mattered clinically at approved doses, one would expect an excess of secondary endocrine neoplasia in treated patients; follow-up is too short for this to have been observed either way. source 2026
- E4moderate confidence 3 of 5: One strong study, or several smaller consistent ones.dataset
In this project's own executed DepMap analysis, the MEN1 co-dependency with KMT2A and PSIP1 survives within-tissue centring (KMT2A r 0.583 pooled to 0.577 within-tissue; PSIP1 0.529 to 0.515), so the module is a shared-process signal and not a lineage artefact.
Oncofusion KG analysis: does the MEN1 co-dependency signal survive lineage adjustment? (analyses/depmap-lineage-conditioned) · Iqbal Lab Oncofusion Knowledge Graph 2026What this evidence cannot show
DepMap release version is not stated by the Open Targets API and is therefore unverified. Only 54 leukaemia lines contribute to the leukaemia-only column, and very few of those are KMT2A::AFF1.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- The same analysis overturned a MYB claim made earlier in this graph: MYB's pooled correlation of 0.105 went to -0.052 within tissue. Co-dependency correlations in this dataset are fragile and must be lineage-adjusted before they are believed. source 2026
- E5strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database
MEN1 is expressed across all 54 GTEx v8 tissues, median 8.20 TPM in whole blood, minimum 5.11 TPM in heart left ventricle, maximum 45.14 TPM in cerebellum - there is no normal tissue that lacks it.
GTEx Portal API v2, medianGeneExpression for ENSG00000133895.14, datasetId gtex_v8 · GTEx Consortium 2026What this evidence cannot show
GTEx is adult post-mortem bulk tissue. It contains no infant or fetal samples and no purified haematopoietic progenitor fractions, which are the populations that matter for toxicity in this disease.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- GTEx TPM is BULK tissue RNA. It gives neither protein abundance nor cell-type resolution within a tissue, so a low whole-blood figure is compatible with high expression in the progenitor compartment that matters here, and a high figure in a bulk tissue does not localise the risk. For menin specifically the relevant exposure is not blood but the endocrine tissues in which germline loss causes tumours, and expression there is the question a phase-2 go/no-go should be asking. GTEx Portal 2026
- E6established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.database
MEN1 is among the most loss-of-function-constrained genes in the human population: pLI 0.99999999918, observed/expected LoF 0.103, LOEUF 0.204.
gnomAD GraphQL API, gnomad_constraint for MEN1 (ENSG00000133895) · Broad Institute 2026What this evidence cannot show
Constraint reflects selection against germline heterozygous loss over a lifetime, not tolerability of reversible pharmacological inhibition over months.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- The approval of a menin inhibitor is itself the counter-evidence to using constraint as a kill criterion. source 2026
- E7strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database
ChEMBL holds 499 activity rows against menin (CHEMBL1615381) at pChEMBL 6 or above, with a best reported affinity of Ki 0.104 nM.
ChEMBL REST API, activities for target CHEMBL1615381 with pchembl_value >= 6 · EMBL-EBI ChEMBL 2026What this evidence cannot show
Row counts mix biochemical and cellular assays and include patent-derived series; a sub-nanomolar Ki in a displacement assay is not a statement about cellular or in vivo potency.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- A ChEMBL activity-row count measures how much medicinal chemistry has been DONE, not how tractable the target is. The best reported affinity comes from the most optimised compound in whichever series was pursued, so it is a property of the investment rather than of the site, and comparing row counts across targets ranks attention rather than druggability. Menin's 499 rows against CBX8's 15 is the clearest case: menin has had two decades of industrial chemistry and CBX8 has not. ChEMBL, EMBL-EBI 2026
- ← related toNUP98::KDM5A (NUP98-JARID1A), t(11;12)(p15;p13)
Trans-acting requirement (Xu 2016, PMID 27889185): NUP98-PHF23 and other NUP98 fusions interact with MLL1 and the NSL complex and REQUIRE MLL1 for proliferation in vivo, which the cis-acting chromatin-boundary model does not predict and which extends the MLL1/menin dependency beyond KMT2A fusions.
- ← supportsThe assumption the whole project rests on, tested at last: menin dependency is fusion-specific (run)
fusion-specificity evidence for the lead dossier, from the project's own data rather than assumed
- ← supportsSix of 85 proteins are both selectively required and drugged — and MEN1 is not close to the others
Supplies the druggability triage the phase-2 dossier needs, on two axes and with the FLT3 calibration stated.
registers the decision gates for the menin programme
readiness layer on top of the menin biology entry
the pocket this dossier plans against
approved chemical matter against this pocket (7UJ4 co-crystal, 1.96 A)
the G2 gate of this dossier is the falsifier for the frontline hypothesis
the G1 gate builds the assay pair this hypothesis needs
- confers resistance to →MEN1 drug-interface mutations — the first proof that a chromatin drug can drive Darwinian escape in patients
bite-back: frontline exposure gives interface mutations more patients and more time
essentiality numbers taken from this executed analysis
only restartable as a combination behind the menin programme
essentiality section depends on this data pull