The LEDGF IBD–KMT2A grip: the second half of the clamp, and nobody is drugging it
also called LEDGF IBD-MLL interface · integrase-binding domain · IBD-MLL · LEDGF/p75-MLL interface · second menin-MLL interface
Besides menin, a second protein called LEDGF grabs a nearby piece of KMT2A using a small clamp-shaped domain. Two phenylalanines on KMT2A do most of the gripping, and a peptide that blocks this grip already slows leukemia cells down.
The same thing, for a scientist
The LEDGF/p75 integrase-binding domain (PSIP1 residues ~347-435) binds a KMT2A segment centred on residues 140-160, with KMT2A Phe148 and Phe151 as the reported key residues. The interaction is defined by NMR (2MSR) and by the menin-KMT2A-LEDGF ternary crystal structure (3U88), in which menin holds KMT2A 103-153 while the LEDGF IBD holds an adjacent stretch of the same chain. The two contacts are therefore a composite clamp rather than competing interactions. The same IBD surface is used mutually exclusively by HIV-1 integrase, POGZ and JPO2, which is simultaneously the selectivity liability and the reason validated small-molecule chemistry against this fold already exists.
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PDB 2MSR, solution NMR. LEDGF/PSIP1 residues 344-426 with a KMT2A 140-160 peptide.
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KMT2A Phe148 and Phe151 are the reported key residues on the KMT2A side of this interface.
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The same IBD surface binds HIV-1 integrase, POGZ and JPO2 mutually exclusively, so a ligand here is not KMT2A-selective.
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No dissociation constant has been published for this interaction, which is the single biggest quantitative gap in the partner dossier.
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PDB 3U88, X-ray at 3.0 A.
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Menin and LEDGF are not competitors for KMT2A; together with the MBM1 motif at KMT2A 4-15 they form a multi-point clamp.
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Avidity from multiple simultaneous contacts, plus CXXC-mediated DNA binding, means the effective chromatin residence time is far longer than any single peptide affinity implies.
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Because menin-inhibitor resistance mutations preserve the menin-KMT2A contact, they should leave this LEDGF arm entirely intact - which makes LEDGF a predicted second-line target rather than a merely parallel one.
What is actually known, and what is only asserted2 deeper
Known and structurally verified 1:
| PDB | What is in it | Method | Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2MSR | LEDGF IBD 344-426 + KMT2A 140-160 peptide | NMR | — |
| 3U88 | menin 2-550 + KMT2A 103-153 + LEDGF IBD 347-435 | X-ray | 3.0 Å |
| 2N3A | LEDGF IBD 348-426 + POGZ 1389-1404 | NMR | — |
| 2B4J | LEDGF IBD 346-442 + HIV-1 integrase 1197-1359 | X-ray | 2.02 Å |
| 3F9K | LEDGF IBD 347-435 + HIV-2 integrase | X-ray | 3.2 Å |
| 3HPG | LEDGF IBD 347-435 + visna virus integrase | X-ray | 3.28 Å |
Known functionally 2, 3: menin is the adaptor that physically links KMT2A to LEDGF; LEDGF is required for KMT2A-dependent transcription and for leukemic transformation - but note the correction below: the in-vivo requirement demonstrated is for leukaemia initiation, not maintenance, and Psip1-null haematopoiesis is not unaffected [counter-evidence to E2]; MEN1 patient mutations that abolish LEDGF binding while sparing KMT2A binding still compromise function; KMT2A Phe148 and Phe151 are the reported key residues on the KMT2A side; LEDGF mutants defective for KMT2A binding impair colony formation by MLL-AF9 cells; and a cyclic peptide, CP65, selectively impairs clonogenic growth of primary murine MLL-AF9 blasts.
Not known, and this is the biggest quantitative hole in the whole interactome dossier: there is no published dissociation constant for the LEDGF IBD–KMT2A interaction that we could verify. The menin side of the same clamp has a full affinity table (MBM1 at 53 nM by fluorescence polarisation, 72 nM by calorimetry, Phe9 worth about 160-fold). The LEDGF side has geometry and genetics but no number. Every statement about which arm dominates, and therefore about which arm to drug, currently rests on nothing quantitative.
The geometry is the argument
3U88 is the structure that makes this interface matter rather than merely exist. In one crystal lattice, menin engages KMT2A 103-153 and the LEDGF IBD engages an adjacent stretch of the same KMT2A polypeptide 1. Read together with the canonical menin-binding motif at KMT2A 4-15, the picture is a single KMT2A N-terminal region being held at three points: MBM1 into the menin pocket, the 103-153 region across menin's surface, and the ~140-160 segment into the LEDGF clamp.
Two consequences the project should act on.
First, avidity explains a clinical puzzle. If the fusion is held by three cooperative contacts plus CXXC-mediated DNA binding, the effective residence time on chromatin is far longer than any single 53 nM measurement implies. That is a mechanistic candidate explanation for why menin inhibitors produce differentiation and durable responses in some patients but rarely complete molecular clearance — occupancy of one contact leaves a partially competent clamp.
Second, and more actionable: menin-inhibitor resistance mutations should leave this arm intact. The documented resistance mutations sit at the drug-menin interface and attenuate inhibitor binding without disturbing the menin-KMT2A interaction 4. Nothing about them touches the LEDGF contact. So LEDGF is not merely a parallel target; it is a candidate second-line target whose validity is predicted by the resistance mechanism rather than threatened by it. As far as we can find, no one has tested a LEDGF-directed agent in a menin-inhibitor-resistant model.
Counter-argument sweep (2026-09-19): three qualifications this entry was missing
1. 'Required for transformation' means required for INITIATION. The conditional Psip1 knockout study concludes that LEDGF/p75 is dispensable for steady-state haematopoiesis but essential for the initiation of MLL-mediated leukaemia [counter-evidence to E2]. A drug is given to a patient whose leukaemia already exists. No published experiment removes LEDGF from an established human KMT2A::AFF1 leukaemia and shows it dies. That is the single largest unexamined gap in the case for this target, and it is larger than the missing Kd.
2. 'Dispensable for haematopoiesis' is a headline, not a result. The same knockouts showed several defects in haematopoiesis, reduced colony-forming activity in vitro, decreased Hox gene expression in haematopoietic stem cells and decreased MLL occupancy at MLL target genes [counter-evidence to E2]. Normal HSCs lose the same programme the drug is meant to remove from the leukaemia, which is the definition of a narrow window rather than a clean one.
3. There is a menin-independent paralogue on the same clamp. HRP-2/HDGFL2 carries both a PWWP and an IBD, binds MLL through a conserved interface, and does so less dependently on menin than LEDGF does. HRP-2 is dispensable for MLL-ENL transformation but its depletion reduces colony formation in leukaemic cells regardless of MLL rearrangement [counter-evidence to E2]. So an IBD-selective ligand faces a paralogue that (a) may be partially redundant for the MLL contact and (b) is itself important for leukaemic cell survival - which is simultaneously a buffering risk and a second target.
4. And the wild-type half of the clamp may be the wrong paralogue. Endogenous MLL1 is dispensable in KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia models while Mll2/Kmt2b is the larger dependency [counter-evidence to E2]. Whether menin and LEDGF clamp KMT2B the same way has never been asked. If they do, an IBD ligand is less selective than assumed; if they do not, the wild-type-complex framing in this entry should be dropped entirely in favour of a fusion-only argument.
Druggability: the precedent is real but it comes from virology1 deeper
This is the unusual feature of this interface. The IBD is the target of an established antiviral programme — the LEDGINs, small molecules that block the HIV-1 integrase-LEDGF interaction — so the question 'can a small molecule occupy this clamp?' has already been answered yes, by a different field, with published chemotypes and co-crystal structures of the integrase side (2B4J, 3F9K, 3HPG).
ChEMBL's oncology-facing view of PSIP1 is close to empty: the human single-protein target CHEMBL3988590 has exactly 3 activity rows at pChEMBL ≥ 6, best IC50 470 nM, all from one document, and all of them AlphaScreen/HTRF assays of the integrase-LEDGF interaction. There is no curated mechanism of action 5.
So the single cheapest high-value experiment in this entire beat is a competition assay: do LEDGIN-class compounds displace the KMT2A 140-160 peptide from the IBD? The reagents exist, the readout is a published HTRF format, and the answer either hands the project a chemical starting point or kills the idea in a month.
Why the answer might be no, stated up front
Mutual exclusivity means the partners compete for overlapping surface, not that they occupy identical epitopes. Integrase, POGZ and KMT2A all bind the IBD and cannot do so simultaneously 3, but a compound optimised against the integrase footprint may leave the KMT2A footprint accessible. The NMR work locates the KMT2A interaction as a second interface on the IBD, which is precisely the kind of distinction that makes a repurposing assumption fail 3.
There is also a harder problem. CP65 is a cyclic peptide, not a drug-like small molecule, and the published cellular effect is impaired clonogenic growth of murine MLL-AF9 blasts rather than regression of a human KMT2A::AFF1 leukemia. Between that and an oral agent lies the whole of medicinal chemistry.
What this interface is not
It is not KMT2A-specific. The IBD holds HIV-1 integrase, POGZ, JPO2/CDCA7L and MED19, and it holds them mutually exclusively with KMT2A 3. A drug that fills the clamp displaces all of them. In a patient that means losing LEDGF's transcriptional-coupling and DNA-repair partnerships as well as its KMT2A partnership, and nobody has measured what that costs.
It is also not the only LEDGF contact that matters. The PWWP domain at the other end of the protein anchors the module to H3K36-methylated nucleosomes, and that arm is covered in interface-psip1-pwwp-h3k36me-nucleosome. Blocking the IBD leaves LEDGF on chromatin but decoupled from KMT2A; blocking the PWWP removes the chromatin address while leaving the KMT2A contact. Those are different drugs with different failure modes and the field has tried neither.
Correction: the dissociation constant was published in 2014, and the interface is bipartite
This entry stated that no published dissociation constant could be verified for the LEDGF IBD-KMT2A interaction and called it "the largest quantitative gap in the partner dossier". That is wrong. PMID 25305204 (Murai et al., Blood 2014) reports it, and I read the numbers from the full text (PMC4263982 via the PMC HTML route, 49,692 characters, after fullTextXML returned HTTP 500):
"MLL 1-160 binds to the IBD in the absence of menin with moderate affinity (K_d = 14.7 +/- 0.7 uM)"
"IBD binds to the menin-MLL complex with ~10-fold increased affinity (K_d = 1.4 uM)"
Two things follow, and the second matters more than the number.
The interface is bipartite. The same paper defines a novel motif, IBM2, and shows both IBM1 (124-133, Phe129) and IBM2 (147-152, Phe148/Leu149/Phe151) are needed for high-affinity binding. This entry's '140-160' captured IBM2 only. Point mutations in IBM2 abolish leukaemogenic transformation by MLL-AF9.
The clamp is cooperative, and in one direction that has never been measured under drug. Menin occupancy raises LEDGF affinity about tenfold. Nobody has measured LEDGF occupancy under revumenib, ziftomenib or bleximenib - so a menin inhibitor may be partly acting through the LEDGF axis, or, worse for the menin-interface hypothesis, the LEDGF grip may survive menin eviction and keep the fusion addressed. The cooperativity is a measured mechanism for incomplete eviction.
| partner a | gene-psip1 |
|---|---|
| partner b | gene-kmt2a |
| motif a | LEDGF/PSIP1 integrase-binding domain (IBD), modelled as residues 344-442 across 2MSR, 3U88 and 2B4J; canonically ~347-435 |
| motif b | KMT2A binds the IBD through TWO motifs: IBM1 at residues 124-133 (Phe129) and IBM2 at 147-152 (Phe148, Leu149, Phe151). The entry previously gave '140-160', which is IBM2 alone. |
| kd NM | 14700 |
| kd status | MEASURED. Kd = 14.7 +/- 0.7 uM for MLL 1-160 binding the IBD in the ABSENCE of menin (NMR), and Kd = 1.4 uM for the IBD binding the preformed menin-MLL 1-160 complex (ITC) - an approximately 10-fold cooperative enhancement. PMID 25305204. |
| druggability | Plausible and under-exploited. A small, well-defined peptide-clamp fold with published small-molecule precedent from antiviral drug discovery, a cyclic-peptide tool compound with cellular activity in an MLL-fusion model, and essentially no oncology chemistry. The unresolved risk is that the KMT2A footprint on the IBD is a second interface overlapping but not identical with the integrase footprint, so the antiviral chemotypes may not transfer. |
hot spot residues
[ "KMT2A Phe129 (IBM1)", "KMT2A Phe148 (IBM2)", "KMT2A Leu149 (IBM2)", "KMT2A Phe151 (IBM2)" ]
kd measurements
[]
structures
[ "2MSR", "3U88", "2N3A", "2B4J", "3F9K", "3HPG", "6EMQ" ]
structure details — the numbers behind the chart
[
{
"pdb": "2MSR",
"contents": "PSIP1 344-426 + KMT2A 140-160",
"method": "NMR",
"resolution_A": null,
"pmid": "25082813",
"title": "Validation and structural characterization of the LEDGF/p75-MLL interface as a new target for the treatment of MLL-dependent leukemia.",
"authors": "Cermáková K, Tesina P, Demeulemeester J, et al.",
"venue": "Cancer Res",
"year": 2014,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
},
{
"pdb": "3U88",
"contents": "MEN1 2-550 + KMT2A 103-153 + PSIP1 347-435",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 3,
"pmid": "22327296",
"title": "The same pocket in menin binds both MLL and JUND but has opposite effects on transcription.",
"authors": "Huang J, Gurung B, Wan B, et al.",
"venue": "Nature",
"year": 2012,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
},
{
"pdb": "2N3A",
"contents": "PSIP1 348-426 + POGZ 1389-1404",
"method": "NMR",
"resolution_A": null,
"pmid": "26245978",
"title": "Multiple cellular proteins interact with LEDGF/p75 through a conserved unstructured consensus motif.",
"authors": "Tesina P, Čermáková K, Hořejší M, et al.",
"venue": "Nat Commun",
"year": 2015,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
},
{
"pdb": "2B4J",
"contents": "PSIP1 346-442 + HIV-1 integrase 1197-1359",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 2.02,
"pmid": "16260736",
"title": "Structural basis for the recognition between HIV-1 integrase and transcriptional coactivator p75.",
"authors": "Cherepanov P, Ambrosio AL, Rahman S, et al.",
"venue": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A",
"year": 2005,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
},
{
"pdb": "3F9K",
"contents": "PSIP1 347-435 + HIV-2 integrase",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 3.2,
"pmid": "19132083",
"title": "A novel co-crystal structure affords the design of gain-of-function lentiviral integrase mutants in the presence of modified PSIP1/LEDGF/p75.",
"authors": "Hare S, Shun MC, Gupta SS, et al.",
"venue": "PLoS Pathog",
"year": 2009,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
},
{
"pdb": "3HPG",
"contents": "PSIP1 347-435 + visna virus integrase",
"method": "X-ray",
"resolution_A": 3.28,
"pmid": "19609359",
"title": "Structural basis for functional tetramerization of lentiviral integrase.",
"authors": "Hare S, Di Nunzio F, Labeja A, et al.",
"venue": "PLoS Pathog",
"year": 2009,
"title_provenance": "Title/authors/venue backfilled from PubMed esummary on 2026-09-20 because this citation stored a bare PMID with no title, which made it unscoreable by verify-citations.py. BACKFILLING IS NOT VERIFICATION: it confirms the PMID resolves to a real paper, not that this is the right paper for the claim. That still requires reading."
}
]competing ligands same surface
[ "HIV-1 integrase", "POGZ", "JPO2 / CDCA7L", "MED19" ]
ligands
[]
tool compounds
[
{
"name": "CP65",
"modality": "cyclic peptide",
"effect": "selectively impairs clonogenic growth of primary murine MLL-AF9 blasts",
"source_pmid": "25082813"
},
{
"name": "LEDGIN class",
"modality": "small molecule",
"effect": "developed against the HIV-1 integrase-IBD interface; never tested against the KMT2A-IBD interface",
"source": "ChEMBL CHEMBL3988590, best IC50 470 nM"
}
]ID corrections
[ "2MSR is the LEDGF IBD with a KMT2A 140-160 peptide, not with menin; the ternary menin-KMT2A-LEDGF structure is 3U88", "3U88 comes from Huang et al. Nature 2012 (PMID 22327296), the same paper that reports menin-JUND; it is not from the Yokoyama and Cleary 2008 functional work", "No AlphaFold model exists for full-length KMT2A (AF-Q03164-F1 returns HTTP 404), so this interface cannot be modelled in the context of the whole protein" ]
menin mbm1 kd conditions
{
"_why": "Added by king sweep 2026-09-21 (Q82 corrections-owed #3). This entry quotes the menin-MBM1 53 nM figure. That number is NOT comparable to the KMT2A CXXC-DNA affinities without stating its buffer, and the omission is how a 1,300-fold 'discrepancy' was manufactured.",
"value": "53 nM",
"motif": "KMT2A MBM1, residues 4-15, FITC-labelled peptide at 15 nM",
"method": "fluorescence polarisation",
"buffer": "50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT",
"nacl_mM": 50,
"companion_itc": "72 nM by ITC, 50 mM phosphate pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 27 C",
"source_pmid": "20961854",
"source_quote": "\"in the FP buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT) used for binding experiments (Kd measurements)\" -- Grembecka 2010 JBC, Methods, fetched and read from PMC3003368 on 2026-09-21",
"do_not_compare_naively": {
"against": "KMT2A CXXC-DNA Kd 44 uM (PMID 20010842, Cierpicki 2010)",
"because": "that measurement was made at 300 mM NaCl -- verbatim from its Methods, \"50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.1), 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT at 25 C\" (PMC2908503, read 2026-09-21) -- SIX-FOLD more salt, on a salt-sensitive protein-DNA contact, against a hydrophobic peptide pocket that is not.",
"best_matched_pair": "44 uM at 300 mM NaCl vs the 5.7 uM tagless CXXC measurement at 150 mM NaCl gives 108-fold against menin, not ~1,000-fold",
"see": "ana-the-menin-affinity-comparison-was-made-at-one-sixth-the-salt"
},
"added": "2026-09-21"
}cxxc dna kd conditions
{
"_why": "Added by king sweep 2026-09-21 (cycle 46). This entry quotes the KMT2A CXXC-DNA 44 uM. That number is a property of five choices, not of the molecule, and quoting it bare is how this graph manufactured a 1,300-fold 'discrepancy' with the menin contact.",
"value": "44 uM",
"construct": "isolated CXXC domain, KMT2A 1147-1203, untagged, 15N-labelled",
"ligand": "DNA pal oligonucleotide, one CpG element",
"method": "NMR titration",
"buffer": "50 mM phosphate, pH 7.1, 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 25 C",
"nacl_mM": 300,
"source_pmid": "20010842",
"source_quote": "\"Determination of the dissociation constants by NMR for the CXXC domain (MLL 1147-1203) and mutants was performed by titration of 15N-labeled protein with concentrated solutions of DNA pal oligonucleotide. Experiments were carried out in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.1), 300 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT at 25 C.\" -- Cierpicki 2010 NSMB, Methods, fetched and read from PMC2908503 on 2026-09-21. The result sentence reads \"The wild type protein yielded a Kd of 44 uM\".",
"this_is_the_high_salt_end": "300 mM NaCl is roughly twice physiological ionic strength and SIX TIMES the 50 mM the menin-MBM1 53 nM was measured in. The same domain measured tagless at 150 mM NaCl gives 5.7 uM -- 7.7-fold tighter from salt alone.",
"do_not_compare_naively": {
"against": "menin-MBM1 53 nM (PMID 20961854), measured at 50 mM NaCl by FP",
"best_matched_pair": "108-fold, not ~1,000-fold",
"see": "ana-the-menin-affinity-comparison-was-made-at-one-sixth-the-salt"
},
"added": "2026-09-21"
}- The IBD is a promiscuous clamp shared mutually exclusively with HIV-1 integrase, POGZ, JPO2/CDCA7L and MED19. A ligand that fills it displaces all of them and the cost of that is unmeasured.
- Compensation: blocking the IBD leaves menin still gripping MBM1 and CXXC still binding DNA, so the fusion may remain chromatin-bound with reduced but non-zero activity - exactly the partial-response phenotype that breeds resistance.
- LEDGF has an independent role in DNA double-strand break repair; inhibiting it alongside genotoxic chemotherapy could increase mutagenesis in surviving cells rather than reduce disease.
- Delivery and modality: the only agent with demonstrated activity at this interface is a cyclic peptide, and cyclic peptides against an intracellular chromatin target in infant patients is a hard delivery problem before it is a pharmacology problem.
- Paralogue buffering, now with a citation: the short p52 isoform of PSIP1 lacks the IBD entirely, and the HDGF-family paralogue HRP-2/HDGFL2 carries BOTH a PWWP and an IBD, binds MLL through a conserved interface less dependently on menin than LEDGF does, and is itself important for leukaemic cell survival (PMID 33477970). An IBD-selective drug may be partially buffered in ways a PSIP1 knockout does not reveal.
- The efficacy case rests on initiation, not maintenance. LEDGF/p75 is essential for the INITIATION of MLL-mediated leukaemia and dispensable for steady-state haematopoiesis (PMID 29084774); nobody has shown that removing it from an established human KMT2A::AFF1 leukaemia does anything. A target validated only at initiation is a prevention target, and this disease is never caught before initiation.
- The normal-tissue margin is narrower than 'dispensable for haematopoiesis' suggests: Psip1-null HSCs showed reduced colony-forming activity, decreased Hox expression and decreased MLL occupancy at MLL target genes (PMID 29084774) - the same axis the drug is meant to shut down in the leukaemia.
- Does removing LEDGF from an ESTABLISHED human KMT2A::AFF1 leukaemia kill it? The published in-vivo requirement is for leukaemia initiation (PMID 29084774), and every drug is given after initiation. This is a straightforward inducible-knockdown-in-xenograft experiment and its absence is a larger hole than the missing Kd.
- What is the Kd of the LEDGF IBD for KMT2A 140-160, by ITC or fluorescence polarisation? Without it, the choice between drugging the menin arm and the LEDGF arm has no quantitative basis.
- Do LEDGIN-class compounds displace the KMT2A 140-160 peptide from the IBD? Existing compounds, an existing HTRF format, one month of work, and the answer either opens a chemistry programme or closes the idea.
- Does a LEDGF-directed agent retain activity in menin-inhibitor-resistant cells carrying MEN1 interface mutations? The resistance mechanism predicts yes and nobody has tested it.
- Is the clamp cooperative? Measuring KMT2A affinity for menin in the presence and absence of the LEDGF IBD, and vice versa, would say whether dual blockade should be synergistic or merely additive.
- What does blocking the IBD cost the cell through its non-KMT2A partners, particularly LEDGF's role in DNA double-strand break repair during genotoxic chemotherapy?
- Do menin and LEDGF clamp KMT2B the same way they clamp KMT2A? Endogenous MLL1 is dispensable in MLL-rearranged leukaemia while MLL2 is the larger dependency (PMID 28609655), and no structure or binding study addresses the KMT2B N-terminus at this interface.
- Is HRP-2/HDGFL2 redundant with LEDGF for the MLL contact? Van Belle et al. show a conserved MLL-HRP-2 interface that is less menin-dependent than MLL-LEDGF (PMID 33477970). A double depletion, and an IBD ligand counter-screened against both IBDs, would say whether an LEDGF-selective agent is buffered.
- E1established confidence 5 of 5: Multiple independent lines of evidence; treated as settled in the field.database
The LEDGF IBD-KMT2A interaction is structurally defined by 2MSR (NMR; PSIP1 344-426 with a KMT2A 140-160 peptide) and by 3U88 (X-ray, 3.0 A; menin 2-550 with KMT2A 103-153 and PSIP1 347-435 in one complex); the same IBD also has solved complexes with POGZ (2N3A) and with lentiviral integrases (2B4J 2.02 A, 3F9K 3.2 A, 3HPG 3.28 A).
RCSB PDB entries 2MSR, 3U88, 2N3A, 2B4J, 3F9K and 3HPG, with per-entity UniProt accessions and modelled residue ranges resolved against the RCSB search and data GraphQL APIs · RCSB Protein Data Bank · RCSB PDB 2026What this evidence cannot show
Every identifier, resolution and residue range here was read from the RCSB API in this session rather than recalled, but the residue ranges are the modelled segments as RCSB annotates them against UniProt, not independently curated domain or motif boundaries. 2MSR is an isolated peptide with an isolated domain by NMR and carries no affinity measurement. 3U88 at 3.0 A does not resolve side chains reliably enough to enumerate hot-spot contacts from the coordinates alone.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- 2MSR is NMR with a 21-residue peptide and 3U88 is 3.0 A. Neither resolution nor construct supports structure-based design against this protein-protein interface; the published validation of the interface as a target is the stronger argument and is a different one. Cancer Research 2014
- E2strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper
Menin is the molecular adaptor that physically links KMT2A to LEDGF, and LEDGF is required both for KMT2A-dependent transcription and for leukemic transformation; MEN1 patient mutations that abolish LEDGF binding while sparing KMT2A binding still compromise function.
Menin critically links MLL proteins with LEDGF on cancer-associated target genes. · Yokoyama A, Cleary ML · Cancer Cell 2008What this evidence cannot show
Requirement is shown by knockdown and by mutation, not by pharmacology. The transformation assays are mouse haematopoietic progenitor colony and transplant models rather than human infant KMT2A::AFF1 leukemia. No affinity is reported, so no Kd should be attributed to this work.
Evidence that argues against this (3)
- The requirement is for INITIATION, not maintenance, and the 'dispensable for haematopoiesis' half of the story is weaker than usually quoted. El Ashkar et al. made a conditional Psip1 knockout in the mouse haematopoietic compartment. The knockouts were viable but showed **several defects in haematopoiesis, reduced colony-forming activity in vitro, decreased Hox gene expression in haematopoietic stem cells and decreased MLL occupancy at MLL target genes**; their conclusion is that LEDGF/p75 is dispensable for steady-state haematopoiesis but essential for the **initiation** of MLL-mediated leukaemia. Two consequences this entry should carry. First, a drug treats established disease, and no published experiment shows that removing LEDGF from an already-transformed human KMT2A::AFF1 leukaemia kills it. Second, the safety margin is not clean: normal HSCs lose Hox expression and colony-forming capacity when LEDGF goes, in the same direction the drug is meant to act on the leukaemia. El Ashkar S et al. 2018
- The 'menin is the adaptor' framing has an exception that matters for drug design. Van Belle et al. show that MLL also interacts with **HRP-2 (HDGFL2)**, a PSIP1 paralogue carrying both a PWWP and an integrase-binding domain, through a conserved interface - and that this interaction is **less dependent on menin than the MLL-LEDGF/p75 interaction**. HRP-2 knockout mice were near-normal (only increased peripheral-blood neutrophils), and primary HRP-2-null cells were efficiently transformed by MLL-ENL, so HRP-2 is dispensable for transformation; but HRP-2 depletion in leukaemic cell lines and transformed primary murine cells **reduced colony formation independently of MLL rearrangement**. This converts the paralogue-buffering item in bite_back from speculation into a cited risk, and it means a menin-inhibitor-plus-IBD-blocker strategy leaves a menin-independent IBD-family route to MLL intact. Van Belle S et al. 2021
- The composite-clamp picture assumes the wild-type MLL1 N-terminus is the thing that matters, and that assumption is contested from a different direction. Chen et al. report that endogenous MLL1 is dispensable for KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia in independent animal models, whereas deletion of the paralogue Mll2/Kmt2b significantly impaired survival of MLL-AF9-transformed cells, with MLL1 and MLL2 regulating distinct pathways rather than acting redundantly. If the larger wild-type dependency in MLL-rearranged disease is KMT2B rather than KMT2A, then any argument for drugging the LEDGF arm that leans on 'the pre-bound wild-type MLL1 complex' needs to be restated around the fusion itself - or extended to ask whether menin and LEDGF hold KMT2B by the same clamp, which nobody has tested. Chen Y et al. 2017
- E3strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper
NMR defines a second LEDGF IBD interface on KMT2A in which KMT2A Phe148 and Phe151 are the key residues; binding of KMT2A to the IBD is mutually exclusive with HIV-1 integrase, POGZ and JPO2; LEDGF mutants defective for KMT2A binding impair MLL-AF9 colony formation, and the cyclic peptide CP65 selectively impairs clonogenic growth of primary murine MLL-AF9 blasts.
Validation and structural characterization of the LEDGF/p75-MLL interface as a new target for the treatment of MLL-dependent leukemia · Cermakova K, Tesina P, Demeulemeester J, et al. · Cancer Research 2014What this evidence cannot show
The structural work is NMR on an isolated IBD with an isolated KMT2A peptide, and no calorimetric affinity is reported in the abstract, so the quantitative comparison with the 53 nM menin-MBM1 interaction cannot be made from this source. CP65 is a cyclic peptide tool compound, not a drug-like molecule, and the cellular readout is clonogenic growth of murine MLL-AF9 blasts rather than regression of human KMT2A::AFF1 disease. The described mutual exclusivity with integrase, POGZ and JPO2 is itself the selectivity problem recorded in bite_back.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- Phe148 and Phe151 as key residues comes from NMR chemical-shift mapping and mutagenesis, which identifies residues that matter for binding and does not give the geometry a ligand would have to reproduce. Mutual exclusivity with integrase, POGZ and JPO2 means a ligand at that site is inherently unselective. Cancer Research 2014
- E4strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper
Somatic MEN1 mutations at the drug-menin interface cause clinical resistance to menin inhibition and attenuate inhibitor binding without disturbing the menin-KMT2A interaction, which predicts that the LEDGF arm of the clamp remains intact in resistant disease.
MEN1 mutations mediate clinical resistance to menin inhibition · Perner F, Stein EM, Wenge DV, et al. · Nature 2023What this evidence cannot show
The inference that LEDGF remains engaged in resistant cells is ours, not the paper's. The paper shows that resistance mutations preserve the menin-KMT2A interaction and prevent inhibitor-induced eviction of menin and KMT2A from chromatin; it does not assay LEDGF. The frequency of these mutations outside the relapsed and refractory single-agent setting is unknown.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- The prediction drawn here — that the LEDGF arm survives menin interface mutations — is reasonable and untested, and this graph now records that most clinical menin resistance arises without interface mutation at all, with on-target repression preserved. A second interface may inherit the same problem. Nature 2023
- E5strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.database
ChEMBL v34 contains almost no chemical matter against PSIP1: target CHEMBL3988590 has 3 activity rows at pChEMBL >= 6 (best IC50 470 nM, CHEMBL3981070), all from one document and all assaying the HIV-1 integrase-LEDGF protein-protein interaction, with no curated mechanism of action.
ChEMBL database version 34, target CHEMBL3988590 (PC4 and SFRS1-interacting protein): target_search, get_bioactivity and get_mechanism queries · EMBL-EBI ChEMBL · ChEMBL 2026What this evidence cannot show
Absence from ChEMBL is not absence from the literature; the LEDGIN antiviral series is larger than three rows and ChEMBL curation lags. Conversely, potency against the integrase-IBD interface does not imply potency against the KMT2A-IBD interface, because the two ligands occupy overlapping but non-identical surfaces on the same domain.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- A ChEMBL activity-row count measures how much medicinal chemistry has been DONE, not how tractable the target is, and the best reported affinity belongs to the most optimised compound in whichever series someone chose to pursue. Zero rows means nobody tried; thousands of rows means a target had a decade of industrial attention. Chemistry built for the HIV-1 integrase-LEDGF interaction is chemistry against a different surface of the same protein. ChEMBL, EMBL-EBI 2026
- E6strong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.paper
The KMT2A-LEDGF/p75 IBD interface is a kinase-gated affinity switch. Structurally conserved IBD-binding motifs on LEDGF/p75 partners can be regulated by phosphorylation, permitting switching between low- and high-affinity states, and elimination of the IBM phosphorylation sites on MLL1 disrupts the oncogenic potential of primary MLL1-rearranged leukaemic cells. The acceptors are S136 and S142, which UniProt curates as phosphoserine by CK2, and both lie in the fragment every KMT2A fusion retains.
Affinity switching of the LEDGF/p75 IBD interactome is governed by kinase-dependent phosphorylation · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2018What this evidence cannot show
Abstract fetched and read by the coordinator on 2026-09-20; the Q22 beat read the full text through the PMC HTML page after `fullTextXML` returned 500 and `efetch db=pmc` returned a body-less record. The S136/S142 assignment and the CK2 attribution come from that reading and from UniProt's curation of the same paper; **no dissociation constant exists for KMT2A-IBD in either phosphorylation state**, while the menin arm is measured in the tens of nanomolar.
Evidence that argues against this (2)
- Menin and LEDGF clamp adjacent stretches of one KMT2A chain, so this is **menin-pocket-independent rather than menin-independent**. If the composite clamp cannot be taken apart one arm at a time in cells, disrupting the IBM merely phenocopies menin inhibition rather than providing a separate handle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2018
- Menin remains the better-characterised arm by a wide margin: measured affinity, solved structures, approved drugs and clinical resistance data. A second handle existing does not make it a competitive one, and 'the only handle' failing is a weaker result than 'a rival handle exists'. Oncogene 2021
- E-kdstrong confidence 4 of 5: Replicated in peer-reviewed work by more than one group.journal-article
The LEDGF IBD binds MLL 1-160 with Kd = 14.7 +/- 0.7 uM in the absence of menin (NMR), and binds the preformed menin-MLL 1-160 complex with Kd = 1.4 uM (ITC), an approximately 10-fold cooperative enhancement. The interface is bipartite: IBM1 at KMT2A 124-133 and IBM2 at 147-152, and IBM2 point mutations abolish leukaemogenic transformation by MLL-AF9.
The same site on the integrase-binding domain of lens epithelium-derived growth factor is a therapeutic target for MLL leukemia and HIV. · Murai MJ, Pollock J, He S, et al. · Blood 2014What this evidence cannot show
Read in full text 2026-09-20 via the PMC HTML route. **These are fragment affinities**: MLL 1-160 is a peptide, not the fusion protein, and the ITC used a reconstituted menin-MLL complex rather than chromatin. The binary measurement is NMR and the ternary is ITC, so the ~10-fold figure compares two methods rather than one titration series.
Evidence that argues against this (1)
- A 14.7 uM binary affinity is weak in absolute terms - many non-specific protein-peptide contacts fall in that range - so the physiologically meaningful number is the 1.4 uM ternary one, which exists **only when menin is present**. Read that way the result supports menin primacy rather than threatening it: without menin the LEDGF grip is ten times weaker. Which reading wins depends on whether 14.7 uM is enough to hold the fusion on chromatin at cellular concentrations, and nobody has measured that. Murai MJ et al. 2014
LEDGF tethering is one of the three candidate menin-independent tethers
supplies the Kd that entry records as unobtainable, and shows the motif is bipartite
the selectivity liability that entry names, with the structure and the IC50
the interface has two proteins and no single published Kd
the interface a LEDGF-directed strategy would have to engage
PSIP1 is 3rd of only 34 genes that are both a dependency and not broadly essential
no LEDGF phosphosite in the IBD; the interface is phospho-regulated from the KMT2A side only
- ← related toSix of 85 proteins are both selectively required and drugged — and MEN1 is not close to the others
PSIP1 is the 7th most selectively required gene in the genome for this disease, fully covered structurally, with 4 ligands - and the experiment removing LEDGF from established disease is unrun.
LEDGF prefers the KMT2B complex over KMT2A in HeLa - a constraint on the KMT2A-selectivity of an IBD ligand
would need to reach this surface to be relevant; adduct site unmapped
the IBD exists only in p75
the p75 splicing effect was shown in an IBD-deletion background
Counter-evidence (El Ashkar 2018, PMID 29084774): the conditional Psip1 knockout shows LEDGF/p75 is essential for the INITIATION of MLL-mediated leukaemia, not maintenance, and Psip1-null haematopoiesis is not unaffected - reduced colony-forming activity, decreased Hox expression in HSCs and decreased MLL occupancy at MLL target genes. No published test removes LEDGF from an established human KMT2A::AFF1 leukaemia.
- related to →KMT2A / MLL1 — the gene that breaks
Counter-evidence (Van Belle 2021, PMID 33477970): the PSIP1 paralogue HRP-2/HDGFL2 carries both PWWP and IBD and binds MLL through a conserved interface that is LESS menin-dependent than MLL-LEDGF, leaving a menin-independent IBD-family route to MLL that an IBD-selective ligand would not close.
Counter-evidence (Chen 2017, PMID 28609655): endogenous MLL1 is dispensable in KMT2A-rearranged leukaemia while MLL2/KMT2B is the larger dependency, so any argument for the LEDGF arm that leans on a pre-bound wild-type MLL1 complex needs restating; whether menin and LEDGF clamp KMT2B the same way is untested.
Shared counter-evidence (Van Belle 2021, PMID 33477970): HRP-2/HDGFL2 carries the same PWWP+IBD architecture and matters for leukaemic cell survival independent of MLL rearrangement, so the PSIP1 CRISPR selectivity that both interfaces rely on was measured with the paralogue intact.
the interface this dossier plans against (KMT2A F148/F151 hotspots)
the LEDGF IBD scan would generate the first in-domain labelled binding data for this project
same interface; this entry adds the phospho-regulation the parent entry does not record
that entry omits the phospho-regulation of the interface it describes
predicted negative control: HDGF carries no annotated IBD, so if the tether model is right HDGF should not engage the MLL IBM - untested
supplies the menin side of a clamp whose KMT2A side that entry holds